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The A4400 (or Inner Ring Road or Queensway) was a main road in Birmingham, United Kingdom that previously formed a ring around the city centre. Junctions on the road were largely grade separated, with pedestrians kept physically separate from vehicular traffic and most junctions allowing vehicles staying on the road to pass over or under those using the junction. It is now widely regarded as one of the classic urban planning blunders of the 20th century. Although seen as a revolutionary improvement when the first section opened in 1960, the 'Concrete Collar', as it became known, was viewed by council planners as an impenetrable barrier for the expansion of the city centre. In particular, it became unpopular with pedestrians, who were required to use subways at the roundabouts, an unpopular route due to fear of crime. However, some users cite the efficiency of grade separated design.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Birmingham Big City Plan Comments )〕 Since 1988, the city council has sought to recreate links between the city centre and the neighbouring areas, enlarging the city centre and improving the pedestrian environment across the city, with an emphasis on shifting vehicular movements out to the Middle Ring Road.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Restructuring Birmingham's Inner Ring Road )〕 Controversially,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Birmingham Big City Plan Leaflet Consultation )〕 pedestrian crossings are replacing underpasses.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Masshouse Circus Redevelopment, Birmingham )〕 ==History== It was first planned by Herbert Manzoni in the 1943 and an Act of Parliament permitting construction was passed in 1946. Due to financial controls, the first part of the ring road, Smallbrook Queensway, did not begin construction until 1957 and was completed in 1960. The entire ring road was opened by Elizabeth II in 1971. However, since the 1990s, some of Queensway has been altered in order to reverse the earlier strict separation of road and pedestrian traffic with a view to providing a more attractive environment for pedestrians, deter through traffic, and reducing the severance effects of the Inner Ring Road. A number of the altered junctions are in regeneration areas, such as Masshouse. In early 2008, the St Chads Queensway area near the St. Chad's Cathedral was modified to remove pedestrian underpasses and bring all pedestrian and car traffic back on to the traditional street level. The road previously consisted of the following roads (anticlockwise from A38(M) approach (Aston Expressway): * St Chads Queensway (now A38) * Lancaster Street Queensway * St Chads Circus Queensway * Paradise Circus Queensway, below Birmingham Central Library * Great Charles Queensway (now A38) * Suffolk Street Queensway (now A38) * Holloway Circus Queensway (now A38) * Smallbrook Queensway (unclassified) * St Martin's Queenway (demolished to make way for new Bullring development) * Moor Street Queensway (unclassified) rebuilt into "Bus mall" renamed Moor Street Ringway * James Watt Queensway (unclassified) * Masshouse Circus Queensway, formerly roundabout over James Watt Queensway (demolished) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「A4400 road」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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